A Large-Scale Grid-Based Hydrological Model of the Severn and Thames Catchments

This paper addresses the issues of scale and appropriate model complexity for large-scale hydrological models. A grid-based hydrological model, which employs the UK Meteorological Office Rainfall and Evaporation Calculation System, is applied to the Severn and Thames catchments using a grid scale of 40 km, and is shown to reproduce the observed mean annual runoff over a 10-year period to within 6% with no prior calibration. The variation in the model performance is strongly correlated with the linearity of the annual rainfall/runoff relationship and a climate index. At the monthly scale, runoff routing becomes significant, and the introduction of a two-parameter routeing algorithm significantly improves the monthly runoff simulations giving efficiencies of 90% and 88% for the Severn and Thames respectively. The results provide guidance to climate modellers looking for efficient and robust land-surface parameterizations, and indicate the potential application of such a modelling scheme to water resource managers.     

几种有代表性的约束混凝土滞回模型

约束混凝土模型是结构非线性计算机模拟分析的基础之一,它包括应力—应变模型与滞回模型两个部分。通过文献层面的分析比较,从约束混凝土滞回模型中优选其中5种加以介绍,并对部分模型存在的不足进行了分析与修正。     

Approximate analytical solutions for diagonal reinforced timber-framed walls with fibre-plaster coating material

This paper provides approximate analytical solutions for diagonally reinforced timber-framed panel walls usually used as main bearing capacity elements in the construction of prefabricated timber structures. These walls can be mathematically treated as composite elements made of a timber frame and fibre-plaster boards as a coating material. As boards are the weakest part of the system they are reinforced with steel diagonals. The proposed approximate analytical models with the fictitious thickness and width of fibre-plaster boards enable simultaneously to consider the influence of inserted steel diagonals, flexibility of mechanical fasteners between the boards and the timber frame and any appearing cracks in the tensile area of the fibre-plaster boards. The obtained numerical results show good agreement with the measured experimental results.     

Slide rule estimates of Fire Growth

A series of prediction methods has been assembled to provide an analytical basis for estimating fire growth in compartments. Solutions for each prediction method can be made using programmable scientific calculators. Prediction methods are presented for: fire size and growth rates, mass loss rates, radiant heat flux, flame height, radial flame impingement, heat flux to a ceiling, smoke filling of a room, carbon monoxide hazard with smoldering fires, temperature rise in a compartment, ventilation flow rate, flashover occurrence, corridor smoke transfer and filling, smoke concentration, visibility, flame spread rates, and fire burn time.These predictive methods are useful for estimating many of the critical elements related to fire behavior and help provide a better understanding of this complex phenomenon.This report appears as Appendix B inFire Growth in Combat Ships by J. G. Quintiere, H. R. Baum and J. R. Lawson, NBSIR 85-3159. Reference: J. R. Lawson and J. G. Quintiere, Slide Rule Estimates of Fire Growth,Fire Technology, Vol. 21, No. 4, November 1985, p. 267.This paper is a contribution of the National Bureau of Standards and is not subject to copyright.     

Impact of adaptive comfort criteria and heat waves on optimal building thermal mass control

This article investigates building thermal mass control of commercial buildings to reduce utility costs with a particular emphasis on the individual impacts of both adaptive comfort criteria and of heat waves. Recent changes in international standards on thermal comfort for indoor environments allow for adaptation to the weather development as manifested in comfort criteria prEN 15251.2005 and NPR-CR 1752.2005 relative to the non-adaptive comfort criterion ISO 7730.2003. Furthermore, since extreme weather patterns tend to occur more frequently, even in moderate climate zones, it is of interest how a building's passive thermal storage inventory responds to prolonged heat waves. The individual and compounded effects of adaptive comfort criteria and heat waves on the conventional and optimal operation of a prototypical office building are investigated for the particularly hot month of August 2003 in Freiburg, Germany. It is found that operating commercial buildings using adaptive comfort criteria strongly reduces total cooling loads and associated building systems energy consumption under conventional and building thermal mass control. In the case of conventional control, total operating cost reductions follow the cooling loads reductions closely. Conversely, the use of adaptive comfort criteria under optimal building thermal mass control leads to both lower and slightly higher absolute operating costs compared to the optimal costs for the non-adaptive ISO 7730. While heat waves strongly affect the peak cooling loads under both conventional and optimal building thermal mass control, total cooling loads, building energy consumption and costs are only weakly affected for both control modes. Passive cooling under cost-optimal control, while achieving significant total cost reductions of up to 13%, is associated with total energy penalties on the order of 1–3% relative to conventional nighttime setup control. Thus, building thermal mass control defends its cost saving potential under optimal control in the presence of adaptive comfort criteria and heat waves.     

三维可视化技术在矿山环境修复中的应用与研究

三维可视化是一种利用计算机技术再现现实世界各类物体的可视化技术,并传达三维物体的复杂信息,使其具有实时交互的功能,是对现实世界的真实再现。在计算机软件、无人机飞速发展的时代,无人机的发展可以清楚地还原矿山破坏区的现状,而计算机软件的发展可以还原治理后的三维可视化矿山形态,直观地给人呈现治理后的矿山环境状态。本文以山西省忻州市宁武县矿山环境治理为例,针对三维可视化软件在矿山中的表现难点与创新点加以分析解决,为今后的矿山环境治理项目景观效果的呈现提供更多的依据。     

全面发展视角下的乡村规划

乡村发展是城乡社会系统演化和作用的结果。乡村规划作为促进乡村发展的重要手段,不仅应为乡村发展提供可持续、综合性的技术支撑,也应有利于推进乡村治理,促进乡村的全面发展。本文从村民的生计、村庄的生境、村社的发展三个层次释义乡村全面发展的内涵;通过从村民的视角解决微观的事情、从村庄的视角促进"三生"空间融合、从村社的视角提升乡村社会资本三个方面构建了乡村规划工作目标;并以中部贫困山区典型村庄为案例演绎了乡村全面发展的一般过程。     

全球尺度地下水作用与地球系统模式地下水过程建模进展

地下水是水资源的重要组成部分,对于经济社会可持续发展具有重要的支撑作用。受含水层分布空间局限,地下水流不存在全球性循环,但是随着地下水开发利用和虚拟水贸易规模扩大,所带来的地下水位持续下降、依赖地下水生态系统退化、含水层疏干等问题已经超出流域尺度,成为世界所关注的区域性、全球性问题。近年研究表明,地下水在调控全球气候变化、维持生物圈完整性、调节海洋水盐均衡、影响地球关键带与深部地层各种地质过程等大陆与全球尺度地球系统过程中发挥着不可替代的作用。全球尺度地下水作用研究已成为地球系统科学和全球变化研究的重要方向和前沿领域。地球系统模式地下水过程建模研究取得了很大进展,建立了多个全球水文地质模型、地下水观测监测网和地下水流模型。但是由于涉及水文地质、陆地水文、地表过程、大气过程等多个方面,全球地下水过程建模仍存在着很大挑战,需要不同领域的学者组成学术共同体,共同推进全球地下水过程建模并与地球系统模式进行耦合。根据中国地球系统模式建设需要,应加快国家尺度地下水过程建模研究,包括建立近地表全国水文地质模型;推进地下水过程模型与陆面过程模型实现无缝耦合;积极参与国际地下水观测监测网建设和地下水过程模型比较研究。     

Path-dependency in public–private partnership in French urban renewal

Public–private partnership in urban renewal in France concerns mainly housing, transport infrastructure and large public facilities. The distinction between public, private and civil actors does not concern social and economic development. This situation tends to limit the integration of different issues and approaches in renewal projects. Also, French urban renewal projects do not produce a new type of partnership between public and private actors and the regulatory framework. These projects remain publicly dominated policy-making procedures because of the uneven distribution of resources and assets and despite a policy discourse emphasising the need for a new division of work between state, market and civil society. The current French situation cannot be understood without bearing in mind the history of urban planning policies in France. Using a historical analysis and the path-dependence approach, we highlight the resilience of inherited structures of interaction between public and private actors.     

Conditions for multiple land use in large-scale urban projects

The implementation of concepts of multiple land use seems to be relevant in the context of large-scale urban projects, which are now predominately monofunctional. However, current governance settings at these projects seem to be unreceptive to this new planning concept. Our in-depth case study of the South Axis project in Amsterdam embraces an actor-centred institutional perspective and seeks to understand how more receptive conditions for norm alignment between key actors can be attained. We reconstruct the introduction of quite radical concepts of multiple land use in this project, which started as an office-development proposal. The implementation was severely hampered by the fact that ambitions were formed in a rather introvert local government – business setting. Only in the last stage, with the adoption of a more extrovert mode of governance that included a variety of national government departments, were more receptive conditions for multiple land use created.